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Podstawy techniczne modernizacji wałów przeciwpowodziowych red. naukowa M. Borys S u m m a r y Studies carried out in the Institute for Land Reclamation and Grassland Farming in the years 2002-2004 seemed so interesting and modern that the authors' team decided to present them in a form of this monograph. The monograph summarises certain stage of works which might offer methodical background for elaborating standards (recommendations for designing and implementation) within the scope of this study. Recently, since the disastrous flood in 1997, more attention has been paid to flood control and to flood embankments in particular. This problem is addressed in many places of this publication. Present status of flood embankments in Poland has been discussed and needs of their modernisation have been analysed (chapter 2). The number and quality of flood embankments were assessed in agreement with present legal regulations and methods were proposed of their construction (chapter 3). This is an extremely important issue since the assessment of technical status of flood embankments in Poland are made in an unsatisfactory manner. Documentations of assessments of the technical status and security markedly differ in their content and quality and are often inaccurate. Decisions on embankment modernisation are made upon technical evaluation. Wrong assessments lead to wrong decisions like the use of improper technical solutions for a given embankment and financial wastefulness during the investment process. Analysis of technical status and security of flood embankments was made for organic grounds i.e. such that contain more than 2% of organic particles (chapter 4). Several kilometres long embankment stretches in Poland are made of local organic grounds. Results of geo-technical studies on sections of such embankments discussed in details allowed for considering technical status of embankments made of organic grounds. Much attention was paid to modernisation of flood embankments with frequently used methods of sealing and ground reinforcement with the application of modern technologies (chapter 5). Utilisation of anthropogenic grounds in the construction of hydro-technical embankments gains more and more interest. The grounds comprise e.g. by-products of various human activities (municipal wastes, chimney dusts, mining wastes, post-flotation wastes etc.). Huge amounts of by-products are produced by the industry world wide. They are mostly collected in dumps. Utilisation of these wastes as the raw material for construction and modernisation of embankments would help decreasing the demands for natural grounds (whose acquisition is associated with the need of later restoration of excavations) and limiting further development of dumping sites which degrade the natural environment. A possibility of using selected types of wastes in the construction of hydro-technical embankments was evaluated (chapter 6). Various types of wastes were analysed for their amount, mineralogical composition and petrography, chemical properties and possibilities of their application in building embankments. Geotechnical properties of selected types of possibly useful wastes were characterised. Actions aimed at restitution of plant communities on abandoned agricultural and forest lands, exploited peatlands and in regulated streams have been carried out for more than 20 years in various European countries and recently also in Poland. These actions in streams and in formerly reclaimed adjacent areas usually lead to the restoration of typical hydro-ecological conditions. Changing surface and ground water table is normally not possible without technical measures. These problems are dealt with in chapter 7. Technical bases for the restoration of small lowland river channels with particular reference to their route, cross-sections and recommended water constructions are described there. Information on aquatic vegetation stabilising channels of these rivers are also given. The publication is addressed to a broad range of readers from scientific institutions and practitioners e.g. designers, investors and contractors.
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